Bacterial Infection (Contagious Snuffles)
The most well-known cause of colds in rabbits is a bacterial infection, for example caused by Pasteurella multocida or Bordetella bronchiseptica. This is often referred to as contagious snuffles. The bacteria spread through droplets, coughing or contaminated materials. Rabbits sharing the same enclosure can infect one another.
Syphilis or Myxomatosis
Snuffles and nasal discharge can also be caused by rabbit syphilis (Treponema cuniculi) or the myxomatosis virus. These conditions are much more serious and are often accompanied by other symptoms, such as sores or swelling around the eyes and genitals.
Dust or Irritating Bedding
A common and often overlooked cause is dust in the enclosure, usually from unsuitable bedding. This can irritate the nasal lining and lead to sneezing and nasal discharge.
Take a look at our suitable rabbit bedding.
A Foreign Object in the Nose
A piece of straw, a blade of grass or some sawdust can accidentally enter the nose. This causes local irritation, sneezing and nasal discharge. If discharge is coming from only one nostril, you should always consider the possibility of a foreign object.
Calcifications in the Nasal Passages
Sometimes calcifications develop in the nasal passages, for example following a previous inflammation. These can block the airways and lead to chronic nasal discharge or breathing difficulties.
Inflammation of the Molar Roots
A rabbit’s upper molars are located close to the nasal cavities. An inflamed molar root can extend into the nasal cavity and cause inflammation and nasal discharge. Read more about dental problems in rabbits in our blog Dental Problems in Rabbits and Rodents.
Abscesses or Tumours in the Nose
A less common but important cause is an abscess or tumour in the nasal cavity. These can block the normal drainage of mucus and cause persistent symptoms.
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinuses can develop after an infection or as a result of dental problems. This form is often difficult to treat and frequently recurs.
Problems with the Tear Ducts
If a tear duct becomes blocked, for example due to inflammation or abnormal molar positioning, nasal discharge may develop. You will often also notice dirty or wet corners of the eyes.
Symptoms of a Cold in Rabbits
You can recognise a cold in your rabbit by the following signs:
- A wet nose or visible nasal discharge
- Dirty front paws (because the rabbit tries to wipe away the nasal discharge)
- Sneezing or snuffling
- Unusual breathing sounds (such as wheezing or snoring)
- Reduced appetite
- In severe cases: breathing difficulties and/or open-mouth breathing (this is an emergency!)
How Is a Rabbit with a Cold Treated?
Treatment depends entirely on the cause. In early or mild cases without a clear cause, treatment often begins with:
- Nasal flushing: The nose can be flushed with a saline solution containing acetylcysteine. This helps dissolve the thick pus in the nose. There is no need to worry about choking: in rabbits, the nasal discharge often comes out through the other nostril.
- Antibiotics: According to veterinary prescribing guidelines for rabbits, antibiotics that are safe for rabbits are used. The choice depends on the suspected bacteria or the results of a bacterial culture.
- Pain relief/anti-inflammatory medication: An NSAID such as Metacam helps reduce inflammation and discomfort. This contributes to your rabbit’s wellbeing and supports recovery.
If the rabbit is eating poorly, hospitalisation and assisted feeding should also be considered.
What Should I Do If My Rabbit’s Cold Does Not Go Away?
If your rabbit’s cold does not improve despite treatment, further investigation is needed to identify the cause. Possible additional examinations include:
- A thorough examination of the mouth
- X-rays of the head (to assess the teeth, sinuses and nasal cavity)
- Rhinoscopy (an examination of the inside of the nose using a scope)
- Bacteriological examination/culture of the nasal discharge
Not all vets have the same level of experience in treating rabbits. If you are unsure, ask whether your vet has specific expertise in rabbit care or discuss a referral.
What Is the Prognosis for Snuffles in My Rabbit?
The prognosis depends on the cause. Chronic snuffles often require long-term treatment and patience. In some cases, the rabbit may need lifelong supportive care.
Do you have any further questions about snuffles or colds in rabbits? Please contact us at veterinarian@vetsend.co.uk.
