Different types of epilepsy in cats
Two main types of epileptic seizures are also distinguished in cats.
Generalised epilepsy
In a generalised seizure, the entire brain is involved. During such a seizure, your cat may:
- suddenly fall onto its side
- become stiff or rigid
- make jerking movements with the legs
- lose consciousness
- drool
- pass urine or faeces
This happens because your cat temporarily loses control over its muscles.
Focal (partial) epilepsy
In focal epilepsy, only part of the brain is affected. As a result, the symptoms are often limited to one part of the body. You may notice:
- trembling of one leg
- twitching in the face
- excessive drooling
- unusual or abnormal behaviour
A focal seizure can sometimes develop into a generalised seizure. In cats, veterinarians more often see focal seizures than generalised epilepsy.
Why epilepsy in cats is less often recognised
Epilepsy in cats has been less extensively studied than in dogs. There are several reasons for this.
Many cats:
- live (partly) outdoors, so seizures are not always observed
- are very good at hiding problems
- show subtle symptoms that are less noticeable
As a result, epileptic seizures in cats may often go unnoticed.
Possible causes of epilepsy in cats
As in dogs, epilepsy in cats can have various causes.
Primary epilepsy
In primary epilepsy, no clear cause is found. This is less common in cats than in dogs.
Secondary or reactive epilepsy
In cats, epilepsy is more often caused by an underlying condition, such as:
- head trauma
- brain inflammation
- brain tumours
- infections
- metabolic disorders
How is epilepsy in cats diagnosed?
The diagnosis of epilepsy is usually made by ruling out other causes. Your vet may perform:
- a physical examination
- a neurological examination
- blood tests
- urine tests
- possibly an MRI scan of the brain
These tests help determine whether there is an underlying cause.
Why is treatment of epilepsy important?
Epileptic seizures can cause damage to the brain, especially if they occur frequently or last a long time. In addition, your cat may injure itself during a seizure. Therefore, treatment focuses on reducing or preventing seizures.
Treatment of epilepsy in cats
Cats with epilepsy often benefit from a calm and consistent daily routine. Stress and major changes can sometimes trigger seizures.
Medication
Treatment usually consists of long-term use of anti-epileptic medication. Commonly used drugs in cats include:
- Phenobarbital (Phenoleptil): usually the first choice in cats. It reduces excessive nerve activity in the brain.
- Levetiracetam (Keppra): often used when phenobarbital is not sufficiently effective or as an additional treatment.
- Imepitoin (Pexion): a medication for dogs that is sometimes used when side effects occur with other drugs.
- Diazepam: sometimes used during acute seizures as a rectal treatment.
Potassium bromide should not be used in cats, as it can be toxic to them.
Regular blood tests are important during long-term treatment.
Diet in epilepsy
For dogs, there are special diets with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) for epilepsy. For cats, no specific diet has yet been developed, as there is still insufficient research. However, it is thought that MCT may also be beneficial for cats with epilepsy.
Support with supplements
Supplements can sometimes help support the nervous system. Examples include:
These products support brain and nerve function.
Do you suspect your cat has had an epileptic seizure or would you like advice on diet, supplements or treatment? Please contact veterinarian@vetsend.co.uk
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