How does a dog become infected with Weil’s disease?
Dogs become infected through contact with the urine of infected animals such as rats, mice and other wildlife. The bacteria can survive for long periods in moist environments.
Infection can occur through:
- drinking from puddles, ditches or stagnant water
- swimming in contaminated water
- contact of mucous membranes or small wounds with infected urine or water
- licking wet surfaces
Dogs that spend a lot of time outdoors, swim regularly or visit wooded areas are at increased risk.
Symptoms of Weil’s disease in dogs
Symptoms can vary widely and may be vague at first. Possible signs include:
- tiredness and lethargy
- fever
- reduced appetite
- vomiting and diarrhoea
- drinking and urinating more or less than normal
- yellowing of the gums and eyes (jaundice)
- bleeding or blood in the urine
- breathing difficulties
Not every dog shows all symptoms. The disease can progress rapidly and become severe.
Diagnosis of Weil’s disease
If Weil’s disease is suspected, the vet will carry out further examinations, such as:
- blood tests (liver and kidney values)
- urine analysis
- specific tests to detect Leptospira bacteria or antibodies
Early diagnosis is essential to improve the chances of recovery.
Treatment of leptospirosis in dogs
Treatment usually consists of:
- antibiotics to fight the bacteria
- intravenous fluid therapy in cases of dehydration or kidney failure
- support of the liver and kidneys
- sometimes hospitalisation in a veterinary clinic
The sooner treatment starts, the better the outlook.
Prognosis
The prognosis depends on:
- how quickly the diagnosis is made
- the severity of organ damage
- the dog’s general health
Some dogs recover fully, while others may suffer permanent kidney or liver damage. In severe cases, Weil’s disease can unfortunately be fatal.
Leptospirosis in humans
Leptospirosis is not only a risk for dogs but also for humans. As a zoonosis, it can be transmitted from animals to people through contact with infected urine or contaminated water, for example via cuts in the skin or through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose or mouth.
In humans, symptoms range from mild flu-like signs such as fever, muscle pain and headaches to severe illness with liver or kidney failure and jaundice. People who are frequently in contact with water or animals, such as dog owners, water sports enthusiasts and professionals, are at increased risk.
Good hygiene is therefore essential. Avoid contact with potentially contaminated water, wear gloves when cleaning urine-contaminated areas and always wash your hands thoroughly. Vaccinating dogs not only protects dogs themselves but also reduces the risk of leptospirosis spreading to humans.
Prevention: vaccination against Weil’s disease
The best protection against Weil’s disease is vaccination. The vaccine protects against the most common Leptospira strains in the UK.
Because protection lasts a maximum of one year, annual boosters are required. Dogs that spend a lot of time outdoors or come into contact with stagnant water benefit most. Protection against Weil’s disease cannot be checked using titre testing.
Want to read more about dog vaccinations? See our blog Annual dog vaccination.
Weil’s disease is a serious condition that should not be underestimated. Early recognition, prompt treatment and especially prevention through vaccination are essential to protect your dog. If you suspect your dog may be infected, always contact your vet immediately.
